Properties and Applications of Monoethylene Glycol
Monoethyleneglycol, also known as MEG, ethylene glycol or simply EC-1, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid with a sweet taste. It is soluble in water and miscible with a wide range of organic solvents. MEG has a high boiling point of 197°C and freezing point of -13°C, making it less volatile than water.
Chemical and Monoethylene Glycol
MEG is one of the simplest organic compounds that belongs to the chemical class of diols or glycols. Its molecular formula is C2H6O2 and molecular weight is 62.07 g/mol. MEG has two hydroxyl groups (-OH) bonded to a two carbon ethylene group. The presence of two hydroxyl groups gives MEG polar and hydrophilic properties while the ethylene group provides flexibility.
MEG is hygroscopic in nature and readily absorbs moisture from air. It has a viscosity about 60 times that of water at room temperature. MEG has good solvent properties and can dissolve a variety of organic and inorganic compounds including alcohols, esters, resins, alkaloids and oils. It is miscible with water, alcohols, ketones, esters and glycols.
Industrial Manufacturing and Applications
Over 95% of MEG produced globally is used in the manufacture of polyester fibers, resins and films. It acts as precursor or intermediate in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which finds widespread application in packaging, textiles and thermosetting products. MEG reacts with terephthalic acid to form low molecular weight PET oligomers which can then be processed further.
MEG is also used as a raw material and building block chemical for a variety of other derivatives and products. It serves as solvent and humectant in detergents, cosmetics and toiletries. MEG formulation with water is employed as engine coolant and heat transfer fluid in automobiles and other machinery due to its high boiling point, freeze point and low volatility.
Approximately 5% of Monoethylene Glycol produced annually is utilized in various other industrial applications such as hydraulic and brake fluids, medical products, de-icing solutions, textile finishing, dye formulations, wood preservatives and industrial cleaners. Emerging applications of MEG include biodegradable polymers, lithium-ion batteries and gas hydrate inhibitors.
Production and Global Market
MEG is mainly derived from ethylene through two step catalytic oxydehydrogenation of ethanol process. Globally, over 12 million tons of MEG are produced every year through this process. The major MEG manufacturing companies include Dow, Shell, Reliance, BASF, SABIC and Lotte Chemical.
Asia Pacific currently leads the global MEG market with China as the top producer as well as consumer country. China accounts for over 50% of global production capacity owing to presence of large scale polyester and PET manufacturers. Other leading producers include US, Western Europe, Saudi Arabia and South Korea.
The global MEG market was valued at USD 25 billion in 2021 and predicted to register a steady CAGR of over 4% during 2022-2028. The demand is driven by escalating polyester requirements from textiles, packaging and coatings industries across developing countries. MEG demand is forecast to further accelerate with emerging applications in lithium-ion batteries, composite materials and bioplastics sector. Stringent environmental norms regarding use of phthalates will additionally support the growth of MEG-based polyester market.
Health and Environmental Effects
Prolonged and repeated skin exposure to MEG may cause mild irritation and itching. Splashes into eyes may result in mild transient discomfort. MEG has relatively low oral and dermal toxicity with LD50 values well above the threshold limit. However, if ingested in large quantities it can cause digestive tract irritation, dizziness, confusion, respiratory depression and cardiac arrhythmia.
MEG is considered eco-friendly and readily biodegradable in water as well as soil. However, it should not be released untreated into natural water bodies due to tendency to lower dissolved oxygen levels. As MEG vaporizes slowly at room temperature, inhalation of mists or heated vapors may cause respiratory irritation. Workplace exposure limits have been prescribed to safeguard from potential health hazards. With prudent handling and storage, MEG poses minimal risks to human health and environment.
MEG has emerged as one of the most extensively produced bulk organic chemicals globally with wide prevalence across numerous industries. Over 95% of MEG manufactured annually is directly utilized in the synthesis of polyester fibers, packaging resins and plastic bottles, demonstrating its indispensable role in today's plastic-driven economies and lifestyles. With continued growth predicted, MEG will remain greatly in demand to meet the polymer requirements of various advanced applications. Proper safety precautions during MEG production, transportation and usage can help leverage its benefits sustainably.
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Money Singh is a seasoned content writer with over four years of experience in the market research sector. Her expertise spans various industries, including food and beverages, biotechnology, chemical and materials, defense and aerospace, consumer goods, etc. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/money-singh-590844163)
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