What are Solar PV Panels?
Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, also known simply as solar panels, are devices that convert energy from sunlight directly into electricity. They do this through the photovoltaic effect, a process that occurs naturally in certain types of materials called semiconductors. When photons from sunlight hit the semiconductors, electrons are released and transferred to an external circuit, generating an electric current that can power homes, businesses, communities and beyond.
How do Solar Panels Work?
Most Solar PV Panels are made from photovoltaic cells composed of layers of semiconducting materials, most commonly silicon. When exposed to sunlight, photons deliver energy to the silicon atoms in the solar cells. This gives the electrons enough energy to break away from their atoms. Circuitry behind the solar cells collects the electrically charged electrons and channels them into wires for use.
Solar panels usually contain many solar cells wired together. A panel's output depends on its surface area, type of photovoltaic material and number of cells. Most panels produce direct current (DC) electricity, which needs to be converted to alternating current (AC) before delivery to the utility grid or for home or business use. Solar panels utilize light harvesting technology to efficiently absorb photons and convert as much sunlight into electricity as possible.
Types of Solar Panels
There are a few main types of solar PV panels available on the market today:
- Monocrystalline Silicon Panels - Made from highly refined silicon, these panels are the most efficient type at converting sunlight but also the most expensive to produce. They generate slightly more energy than other panel types.
- Polycrystalline Silicon Panels - Composed of multiple silicon crystals joined together, these are the most widely used type due to lower manufacturing costs. Cell efficiencies are not as high as monocrystalline but performance is still very good.
- Thin Film Solar Panels - Use thin layers of photovoltaic material deposited onto a backing material such as glass or plastic. Types include Cadmium Telluride and Copper Indium Gallium Selenide. Are less efficient than silicon panels but can be mounted on uneven surfaces.
- Amorphous Silicon Panels - Made from an ultra-thin layer of photovoltaic material and are very lightweight and flexible. However, degradation occurs faster than crystalline silicon panels.
Advantages of Solar PV Systems
There are several key benefits to installing a solar PV system:
- Clean, renewable energy source - Solar power harnesses the sun's energy without pollution or carbon emissions, providing sustainable electricity.
- Reduced utility bills - System owners offset their traditional electricity costs and can sell excess power back to the grid. Payback periods are often less than 10 years.
- Increased property value - A home solar system may increase a property's appraised value since it represents an ongoing stream of energy production.
- Reliability - Solar modules have no moving parts and few maintenance needs. Properly installed systems can operate for 25+ years.
- Energy independence - Solar energy supports energy security by diversifying power sources beyond traditional electric utilities.
- Tax credits - In many jurisdictions, significant tax credits are available to help offset the upfront cost of going solar.
- Continuous operation for systems with battery storage - Batteries allow solar to provide power even at night or when the grid goes down.
Sizing and Installing a Solar PV System
Proper sizing and installation are critical for optimal performance of a solar energy system. These steps are typically involved:
- Site assessment - Determine optimal roof or ground space and any shading issues.
- Electricity use analysis - Review a home or business' typical electric bills to estimate future needs.
- System design - Select type and quantity of solar panels, inverters, batteries and other components based on the site and energy usage.
- Permitting - Local permits are usually required and inspectors ensure code compliance.
- Installation - Properly mounting panels, wiring, connecting to home/building circuits and commissioning the system.
- System monitoring - Setup software allows homeowners to track production data over time.
Certified solar professionals can custom design a system to maximize the use of available solar resources and keep costs as low as possible for high return on investment. Ongoing maintenance is minimal after installation.
Solar PV technology has advanced rapidly in recent decades to become a viable large-scale energy source. Converting the sun's free, abundant energy into electricity allows individuals, businesses and communities to save money while helping transition to a clean energy future. With solar panels' improving efficiencies and falling costs, they are an increasingly affordable option for producing one's own renewable power right at home or work. With proper installation, solar PV systems can provide decades of energy and cost savings.
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About Author:
Money Singh is a seasoned content writer with over four years of experience in the market research sector. Her expertise spans various industries, including food and beverages, biotechnology, chemical and materials, defense and aerospace, consumer goods, etc. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/money-singh-590844163)
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