What is Conductive Carbon Black?
Furnace black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas, oil, and coal. It is composed of mainly elemental carbon along with small amounts of hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Furnace black exists as fine particles that vary in shape and structure depending on the manufacturing process. Chemically, it is virtually pure elemental carbon in the form of colloidal particles.
Production of Conductive Carbon Black
There are two main industrial processes used for furnace black production - furnace black process and thermal black process. In the furnace black process, hydrocarbons are burned in limited air supply in a cooling chamber. Thermal black process involves cracking of hydrocarbons by heat in an oxidizing atmosphere. The raw material commonly used is natural gas or petroleum oils. The production yields furnace black as a finely divided pellet or powder form. Global annual furnace black production capacity exceeds 25 million metric tons.
Properties and Characteristics
Conductive Carbon Black has a high surface area, typically ranging between 50 to 1500 m2/g. This property allows it to impart conductivity and other performance characteristics when compounded or mixed with polymers, rubber, paints, coatings and other materials. It also demonstrates low or no moisture absorption and does not undergo hydrolysis. Furnace black is unaffected by weathering and ozone. It is highly resistant to chemicals at room temperature but may undergo oxidation at elevated temperatures in presence of oxidizing atmosphere.
Applications of Furnace black
Due to its unique combination of properties, furnace black finds wide applications across various industries. Here are some of its major uses:
Rubber Industry: Nearly 90% of total furnace black produced is consumed by the rubber industry for manufacturing tires, mechanical rubber goods, hoses and belts. Furnace black acts as a reinforcing filler and also protects rubber from UV degradation.
Plastics Industry: Furnace black is used as a black pigment and reinforcing agent in plastic products like pipes, automotive parts, electrical goods, films and sheets. It enhances mechanical, thermal and electrical conductivity of plastics.
Coatings Industry: Furnace black pigments are employed to provide deep black color and opacity in coatings for buildings, industrial machinery, appliances and automotive OEM paints. It protects surfaces from fading caused by weathering.
Batteries: Certain grades of furnace black are utilized as conductive additives in battery electrodes, especially in lithium-ion batteries. This improves ionic conductivity and electrochemical performance.
Construction Materials: Furnace black imparts UV stability and conductivity in applications like sealants, roofing membranes and cables. It also acts as a pigment in concrete, asphalt and paints used in construction.
Printing Inks: Commonly used furnace blacks enable production of dense blacks in publication, packaging and commercial printing inks.
Other uses include furnace black filled polymers in pipes, gears, cables; as a food colorant; as a filler in brake pads, gaskets and sealants. Ongoing R&D is being conducted to explore potential of furnace black in emerging applications.
Environmental and Health Issues
Proper emission control systems are implemented during furnace black manufacturing to minimize air pollution. Furnace black production does not involve use of heavy metals or toxic organic compounds. However, health hazards can potentially arise from inhalation of furnace black dust during production, transportation and use of furnace black compounded materials. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified furnace black as a Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. conductive carbon black manufacturers have to follow stringent occupational exposure limits and worker safety guidelines. End-of-life recycling and disposal of furnace black based products also needs attention from environmental perspective. Overall, with responsible production and use practices, furnace black continues to be a preferred industrial material.
furnace black's exceptional combination of opacity, conductivity and reinforcement makes it essential across many industries. Though health and environmental issues warrant attention, ongoing substitution research also works to reinforce its sustainability credentials. With growing global infrastructure and use of polymers, furnace black is forecast to see rising demand in the foreseeable future.
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