During our research, we identified over 95 ADC linker and conjugation technologies that are available for the development of ADCs.
The global ADC technology market size is estimated to grow from USD 1.18 billion in 2023 to USD 4.37 billion by 2035, representing a CAGR of 11.5% during the forecast period 2023-2035.
More than half of the ADC linker and conjugation technologies are third generation technologies. These technologies have been developed to overcome the challenges posed by first and second-generation technologies, which were specifically related to heterogeneity and target specificity of antibody drug conjugates. Examples of such technologies include (in alphabetical order, available to license) Araris Linker Technology (Araris Biotech), BTG ADC Platform (Innate Pharma), RESPECT-H (Eisai) and Splittera (ZIP Solutions).
Drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) indicates the average number of drugs conjugated to the antibodies. It is worth mentioning that DAR is an important attribute to measure the efficacy of ADCs; a low DAR value can result in low antitumor efficacy, while high DAR may affect antibody structure, stability, and antigen binding efficacy therefore, causing loss of activity. Moreover, it has been found that the most suitable range of DAR for ADC candidates is between 2-4. As can be observed, most of the ADC linker and conjugation technologies are designed to develop ADCs with DAR value ranging between 1-3. This is followed by 37% technologies, producing ADCs in the range of DAR 4-6. Further, 9% of the antibody conjugation technologies that can produce ADCs with a DAR value of more than 10.
As can be inferred from figure, majority (77%) of the linker technologies employ cleavable linkers. This can be attributed to the fact that cleavable linkers are designed to keep the ADCs intact in systemic circulation and have inbuilt chemical triggers permitting easy release of the payload, upon cleavage.
In addition, 11% of the total linker technologies are compatible with both cleavable as well as non-cleavable linkers. These technologies ensure enhanced therapeutic window with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
The domain is predominantly characterized by the presence of small firms / start-ups, which constitute 47% of the overall ADC linker and conjugation technology providers. Further, we came across several large firms engaged in this domain; examples include (in alphabetical order, having 5,000+ employees) Catalent Biologics, Daiichi Sankyo, EUCODIS Bioscience and Merck.
Although players offering ADC linker and conjugation technologies are well distributed across different regions of the globe, most of the developers are based in North America. This is followed by the companies based in Europe. In addition, 15% of the total players have established their headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region. Examples of such players include (in alphabetical order, mid-sized) Alteogen, GeneQuantum Healthcare and MediLink Therapeutics.
Technology Competitiveness Analysis – Evaluating the overall potential of ADC Linker and Conjugation Technologies
This chapter features a detailed competitiveness analysis of the various ADC conjugation technologies, taking into consideration several relevant parameters, such as supplier strength of the technology provider (based on company’s years of experience) and the technology competitiveness, based on the portfolio strength (based on status of technology, availability of licensing, generation of technology, type of specificity, type of conjugation, DAR, compatible linker, conjugation chemistry, conjugation site and drugs developed using a technology) and partnership strength (in terms of number of partnerships related to the technology). For this analysis, 56 antibody conjugation technologies have been taken into consideration. It is worth mentioning that the technologies considered in this analysis have been divided into three different peer groups based on company size of technology providers, namely small, mid-sized and large, and were scored on the basis of abovementioned parameters. Insights on technology competitiveness have been presented on a 2×2 matrix, with supplier power of the technology providers on the abscissa and technology competitiveness on the ordinate.
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